The Merciless Parliament, Part 2

After the Merciless Parliament in 1388 had eliminated the five specific advisors to Richard II that they considered the most corrupt, the Lords Appellant decided to sweep through the rest of the administration.

First came the judges that had approved all of Richard's actions. There were seven of them, and they were allowed to have trials before the House of Lords, in which they pleaded for leniency. Leniency was not to be offered, however, and they were all condemned and executed.

The Parliament wanted to eliminate anyone who would be considered a "bad advisor" to the king, and this meant almost anyone with whom Richard had contact. Chamber knights and servants did not escape.

Sir Simon Burley (c.1336 – 5 May 1388) had been the tutor of Richard, and a "friend of the family" for longer. He had grown up alongside Richard's father, Edward the Black Prince. Now he was Richard's vice-Chamberlain, and therefore considered too influential on the king.

An honorable man whom many had known their whole lives and fought alongside, his condemnation was not universal. Lords argued for mercy. Two of Richard's uncles argued openly. Edmund Langley, Duke of York, defended Burley. Thomas of Woodstock rose to condemn Burley. Richard spoke up to argue with his uncle Thomas and was told to stop defending his friends if he wanted to keep the crown.

Queen Anne of Bohemia reportedly went down on her knees for three hours and begged him to be spared. (see illustration) She was told to pray for him. A letter from the population of Kent threatened an uprising if Burley were not executed. In the end, he was allowed a swift death by the axe instead of the traitor's death by hanging.

The king's steward, Sir John Beauchamp, was impeached for exerting undue influence on the king. He was imprisoned in the Tower and then executed. Dozens of other members of the king's household were executed.

The king's household had been reduced by half, and men were put in place to oversee its functioning. The five Lords Appellant were allowed £20,000 for their expenses.

The future of the Lords Appellant became uncertain, however, when John of Gaunt returned from campaigning in Spain a year after the Merciless Parliament. Let me tell you tomorrow what happened then.

Richard II and the Lords Appellant

Although the Wonderful Parliament in 1386 tried to curtail the excesses of King Richard II, it was the Merciless Parliament in 1388 that truly forced the king to accept that Magna Carta was no joke and the king did not have supreme authority in the kingdom and was answerable to the parliament. The parliament was requested by a small group called the Lords Appellant, and we should understand their role during this part of Richard's reign before we go on.

The Hundred Years War was still going on in 1386, and England had had two decades of losses. The Wonderful Parliament held Richard's favorites responsible for these military failures and for the egregious taxation used to fund the war. A group of trusted nobles was chosen to take over the management of the kingdom and the king, the Lords Appellant.

The Lords Appellant were:

• Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester; Richard's uncle, who forced him to attend the Wonderful Parliament
• Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel
• Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
• Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby (another nephew of Woodstock, being John of Gaunt's son)
• Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham

They began their task right after the Wonderful Parliament ended, and the following year (1387) felt it necessary to launch an armed rebellion against Richard because one of his favorites, Robert de Vere, had raised an army for the king. (The illustration shows the Lords Appellant throwing their gauntlets down in front of Richard, but I cannot find an anecdote that explains this Victorian picture.)

In February 1388, the Merciless Parliament met to deal with Richard's favorites, de Vere and Michael de la Pole, Nicholas Brembre (who had been mayor of London several times), Chief Justice Robert Tresilian, and Alexander Neville (Archbishop of York). They were all accused of vice and swaying the king wrongly and lining their own pockets. As a prelate, Neville was only exiled after losing his position and all his estates and possessions, but everyone else was executed.

The executions did not stop there: dozens of members of the royal administration were purged. Finally they came to Simon Burley, who had been the king's father's advisor and was one of the king's regents when he was young. Burley was defended by Edmund Langley, the Duke of York, who was also a son of Edward III and therefore also Richard's uncle. Langley's brother, Thomas of Woodstock, rose to condemn Burley. Richard, who was in attendance of course, spoke up for the first time, and argued with his uncle Woodstock. Woodstock finally told him that he needed to stop defending his friends if he wanted to keep his crown. That made Richard sit back down.

One of the complaints about Richard was that he was a failure at the war with France, and was trying to negotiate a peace. Parliament (and the Lords) preferred military successes over a truce. Although Richard became effectively a puppet under the Lords Appellant, he managed to get revenge on the Lords and Parliament by the Truce of Leulinghem, but that's a story for tomorrow.